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MECHANICS

Threads: One Process, Multiple Execution Paths

A thread is a second instruction pointer inside the same address space. The kernel creates threads the same way it creates processes — with clone() — but with...

MECHANICS

How ptrace Works

ptrace is the only mechanism Linux provides for one process to observe, interrupt, and modify the execution of another. Every debugger, syscall tracer, and...

MECHANICS

How Windows Privilege Escalation Works

Windows enforces privilege boundaries through integrity levels, access tokens, and the Security Reference Monitor. Privilege escalation exploits don't break...

vulnerability

The Auth Check Is the Attack Surface

A pre-authentication SQL injection in LiteLLM's API key verification path gave attackers read/write access to every credential the proxy manages — and the 401...

MECHANICS

The Filesystem: How the Kernel Reads a File

A filename is not a file. It is a pointer to an inode, which is a pointer to data blocks. Understanding this three-layer model explains everything from hard...