vulnerability

A Nine-Year-Old ptrace Bug Let Unprivileged Users Read SSH Keys and Shadow Passwords

CVE-2026-46333, disclosed by Qualys on May 21, exploits a race condition in the Linux kernel's ptrace access check to steal SSH host private keys, shadow password hashes, and in two variants, execute arbitrary commands as root. The bug has been in the kernel since November 2016.

MECHANICS

How ptrace Works

ptrace is the only mechanism Linux provides for one process to observe, interrupt, and modify the execution of another. Every debugger, syscall tracer, and...

MECHANICS

How Windows Privilege Escalation Works

Windows enforces privilege boundaries through integrity levels, access tokens, and the Security Reference Monitor. Privilege escalation exploits don't break...

vulnerability

The Auth Check Is the Attack Surface

A pre-authentication SQL injection in LiteLLM's API key verification path gave attackers read/write access to every credential the proxy manages — and the 401...

MECHANICS

The Filesystem: How the Kernel Reads a File

A filename is not a file. It is a pointer to an inode, which is a pointer to data blocks. Understanding this three-layer model explains everything from hard...

MECHANICS

Processes: How the Kernel Tracks Everything

Every running program on a Linux system is a process. The kernel represents each one as a single data structure containing everything it needs to manage,...